From Vision Zero to the courtroom: how traffic policy shapes personal injury law
Cities across the U.S.—from New York to Seattle—are lowering local speed limits from 30 to 25 miles per hour as part of Vision Zero and other pedestrian safety efforts. Research shows that even a small drop in speed can dramatically reduce the severity of injuries in accidents. Beyond safety, these changes affect personal injury law by changing the standard of care and could influence liability in car crash or pedestrian lawsuits.
The typical default speed limit in most cities and suburban communities is 30 miles per hour. That speed has been the standard in residential neighborhoods, in retail or commercial areas, downtowns, and other roadways other than highways.
In recent years, however, several U.S. cities have adopted a default speed limit of 25 mph on local and residential streets, 5 mph less than the typical 30 mph. These changes are part of Vision Zero–inspired efforts to reduce traffic injuries and fatalities, especially for vulnerable road users like pedestrians and cyclists.
U.S. cities adopting 25 mph default speed limits
New York City
NYC lowered its city-wide default speed limit from 30 mph to 25 mph in November 2014. This affected approximately 90% of local streets. In a followup evaluation in 2020, research indicated that injury crashes had been reduced by 38.7% and overall crashes were down by 35.8% as compared to streets that hadn’t lowered the speed limit.
New York City has been a leader in implementing Vision Zero initiatives since 2014. There have been measurable reductions in pedestrian deaths after lowering speed limits and redesiging intersections.
Boston, Massachusetts
Boston reduced its default speed limit to 25 mph in 2017. According to a peer-reviewed study, the city saw a 29.3% reduction in frequency of speeding (exceeding 35 mph), an 8.5% reduction in speeding above 30 mph, and a 2.9% reduction in speeds above 25 mph, with a slight decrease in mean speeds.
Seattle, Washington
Seattle reduced the default speed limit in 2016. The new default became 25 mph on arterial roads and 20 on residential streets. Residential streets were previously 25 mph. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) studied the reduction in 2023 and determined that there was a 17% decrease in injury crash odds outside the downtown area and a 20% drop on arterial roads, as compared to control cities that hadn’t reduced speed limits.
Albany, New York
New York’s capital city passed legislation in 2024 that reduced its speed limit to 25 mph on most city streets, citing the positive impact of the reductions in NYC.
Why are cities and communities lowering speed limits?
- Reduction in crash rates. Research supports this development. Across North America and Europe, studies have shown that a 1 mph reduction in average traffic speeds can yield a 6-17% reduction in crash rates—so even a small reduction in speed can provide a big gain for safety.
- Improved survival rates. In addition, it improves survival rates for individuals involved in crashes. A pedestrian struck at 25?mph has a significantly higher chance of surviving than at 30?mph—at 20?mph, the difference is even more dramatic.
- Reduced bike/pedestrian collisions. Following default speed limit reductions, both New York City and Boston saw pedestrian and bicycle crashes decrease by 30-40%.
The trend of reducing default speed limits is occurring primarily in dense urban areas with high pedestrian and bicyclist activity.
What is Vision Zero?
Vision Zero is a traffic safety initiative that aims to eliminate all traffic fatalities and severe injuries while increasing safe, healthy, and equitable mobility for everyone. It was founded in Sweden in 1997 and is based on the idea that traffic deaths are preventable, not inevitable. It recognizes that human error is inevitable, so road systems and policies should be designed to minimize the consequences of our errors.
Vision Zero is based on these principles:
- Human life and health are a higher priority than speed or convenience
- Government officials, planners and engineers (i.e. people who design systems) share responsibility for safe design—it’s not just the responsibility of individual drivers
- Speed management is the key, because severity of crashes increases with speed
- Roads should be designed to forgive some mistakes; features like reduced speed limits, bike lanes, pedestrian islands, and roundabouts help reduce human error that leads to accidents
Pedestrian deaths have dropped by 20-50% or more in areas where Vision Zero has been implemented.
How do reduced default speed limits affect personal injury lawsuits?
Lowering default speed limits—such as from 30 mph to 25 mph—can significantly impact personal injury law, particularly in cases involving pedestrian accidents, vehicle collisions, and municipal liability.
- Lower speed limits reduce injury severity
The risk of death for a pedestrian hit by a car at 30 mph is nearly double that at 25 mph. A plaintiff might argue that a municipality’s failure to lower speed limits or implement traffic calming measures could have contributed to injury severity, which potentially opens the door to government liability claims.
- Negligence standards might shift
A reduced speed limit alters the standard of care for drivers. In a personal injury lawsuit, driving even slightly over the new limit (for example, 28 mph in a 25 mph zone) may now be seen as negligent, whereas previously it may have been considered reasonable.
- Evidence of negligence in personal injury claims
When speed limits are lowered, any evidence that a driver exceeded the new limit becomes more persuasive for establishing fault. Insurance claims adjusters and juries might be more inclined to side with the injured party if the driver violated a recently implemented limit designed to protect vulnerable road users.
- Increased municipal responsibility
Cities that adopt lower limits might be held to higher safety standards. Failure to enforce new limits or improve signage could expose municipalities to claims under premises liability or dangerous roadway design doctrines.
- Impact on insurance claims and settlements
An insurer might use the presence of lower speed limits to assign greater liability to drivers. Conversely, they might argue that compliance with a lower limit shows reasonable care, potentially reducing payout exposure.
- Greater emphasis on comparative fault
Depending on the state’s comparative negligence law, speed could play a major role in assigning fault percentages. Lower speed limits shift expectations of driver behavior and could tip the balance in favor of the plaintiff.
Adopting a 25?mph default speed limit on local and residential streets is gaining traction across U.S. cities—and the data backs it up. Reduced vehicle speeds reliably correlate with fewer crashes, less severe injuries, and improved safety for pedestrians and cyclists.
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